Mukugadzira makemikari maitiro, kudzvanywa hakungokanganisa hukama hwepakati uye chiyero chekuita kwemaitiro ekugadzira, asi zvakare inokanganisa akakosha maparamita eiyo system zvinhu chiyero. Mukugadzira maindasitiri, mamwe anoda kudzvanywa kwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura kumanikidzwa kwemuchadenga, senge high pressure polyethylene. Polymerization inoitwa pakumanikidzwa kukuru kwe150MPA, uye imwe inoda kuitiswa nekumanikidza kwakashata kuderera zvakanyanya kupfuura kudzvanywa kwemhepo. Zvakadai sevacuum distillation mumafuta ekuchenesa. Iyo yakakwira-kudzvanywa kwemutsindo wePTA kemikari chirimwa ndeye 8.0MPA, uye iyo oxygen feed pressure inenge 9.0MPAG. Chiyero chekumanikidza chakakura kwazvo, mushandisi anofanirwa kunyatso kutevedzera mitemo yekushandiswa kweakasiyana-siyana ekuyeresa zviridzwa, kusimbisa kuchengetedza kwezuva nezuva, uye chero kuregeredza kana kusava nehanya. Ese anogona kuunza kukuvadzwa kukuru uye kurasikirwa, kutadza kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvemhando yepamusoro, goho repamusoro, kushandiswa kwakaderera uye kugadzirwa kwakachengeteka.
Chikamu chekutanga chirevo chekutanga chekuyera kwekumanikidza
- Tsanangudzo yekushushikana
Mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri, iro rinowanzonzi pressure (pressure) zvinoreva simba rinoshanda zvakafanana uye rakati sandarara panzvimbo yeyuniti, uye saizi yaro inotarwa nenzvimbo inotakura simba uye ukuru hwesimba rakamira. Inoratidzwa nemasvomhu se:
P=F/S apo P ndiye dzvinyiriro, F isimba rakamira uye S inzvimbo yesimba
- Unit of pressure
Muinjiniya tekinoroji, nyika yangu inotora iyo International System of Units (SI). Chiyero chekumanikidza kuverenga ndeye Pa (Pa), 1Pa ndiyo dzvinyiriro inogadzirwa nechisimba che1 Newton (N) ichiita vertically uye yakaenzana pane imwe nzvimbo ye 1 square mita (M2), iyo inoratidzirwa seN / m2 (Newton / square mita) , Pamusoro pePa, chikwata chekumanikidza chinogonawo kuva kilopascals uye megapascals. Hukama hweshanduko pakati pavo ndeiyi: 1MPA=103KPA=106PA
Nekuda kwemakore mazhinji etsika, engineering yemhepo yekumanikidza ichiri kushandiswa muinjiniya. Kuti ugone kufambisa shanduko mukushandiswa, hukama hweshanduko pakati pemayuniti akawanda anowanzo shandiswa ekuyeresa akanyorwa muna 2-1.
| Pressure unit | Engineering mamiriro Kg/cm2 | mmHg | mmH2O | atm | Pa | bar | 1b/mu2 |
| Kgf/cm2 | 1 | 0.73×103 | 104 | 0.9678 | 0.99×105 | 0.99×105 | 14.22 |
| MmHg | 1.36×10-3 | 1 | 13.6 | 1.32 × 102 | 1.33×102 | 1.33×10-3 | 1.93×10-2 |
| MmH2o | 10-4 | 0.74×10-2 | 1 | 0.96×10-4 | 0.98×10 | 0.93×10-4 | 1.42×10-3 |
| Atm | 1.03 | 760 | 1.03×104 | 1 | 1.01 × 105 | 1.01 | 14.69 |
| Pa | 1.02×10-5 | 0.75×10-2 | 1.02×10-2 | 0.98×10-5 | 1 | 1×10-5 | 1.45×10-4 |
| Bar | 1.019 | 0.75 | 1.02 × 104 | 0.98 | 1×105 | 1 | 14.50 |
| Ib/in2 | 0.70×10-2 | 51.72 | 0.70×103 | 0.68×10-2 | 0.68×104 | 0.68×10-2 | 1 |
- Nzira dzekuratidza kushushikana
Pane nzira nhatu dzekuratidza kudzvanywa: kudzvanywa zvachose, geji kudzvanywa, kudzvanya kwakashata kana vacuum.
Kumanikidzwa pasi peabsolute vacuum kunonzi absolute zero pressure, uye dzvinyiriro inoratidzwa pahwaro hweabsolute zero pressure inonzi absolute pressure.
Gauge pressure ndiyo dzvinyiriro inoratidzwa pahwaro hwemhepo yemuchadenga, saka inonyatso mhepo imwe chete (0.01Mp) kure nekumanikidzwa kwakazara.
Ndiko kuti: P tafura = P zvachose-P hombe (2-2)
Negative pressure inowanzonzi vacuum.
Zvinogona kuonekwa kubva muchimiro (2-2) kuti kudzvinyirira kwakashata ndiko kudzvinyirira kwegeji apo mhedziso yakakwana yakaderera kudarika mhepo yemhepo.
Hukama huri pakati pekumanikidzwa kwakazara, gauge pressure, kudzvanya kwakashata kana vacuum kunoratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pazasi:
Mazhinji ehukoshero hwehudzvanyiriri hunoshandiswa muindasitiri ndeye geji kudzvanywa, ndiko kuti, kukosha kwechiratidzo chegeji yekumanikidza ndiko musiyano pakati pekumanikidzwa kwakazara uye kumanikidzwa kwemhepo, saka kumanikidzwa kwakakwana ndiko kuwanda kwegeji yekumanikidza uye kumanikidzwa kwemhepo.
Chikamu 2 Kurongeka kweDhidhiyo yekuyera Zvishandiso
Kudzvanywa kwemhando yekuyerwa mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari kwakakura kwazvo, uye imwe neimwe ine hunyanzvi hwayo pasi pemamiriro akasiyana ekuita. Izvi zvinoda kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvekuyeresa kumanikidza zvine zvimiro zvakasiyana uye misimboti yekushanda yakasiyana kuti isangane nemhando dzakasiyana dzekugadzira zvinodiwa. Zvinodiwa zvakasiyana.
Zvinoenderana nemisimboti yekutendeuka kwakasiyana, zviridzwa zvekuyeresa zvinogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina: liquid column pressure gauges; elastic pressure gauges; magetsi emagetsi; piston pressure gauges.
- Liquid column pressure gauge
Iyo yekushanda musimboti weiyo liquid column pressure gauge yakavakirwa pamusimboti we hydrostatics. Chiyereso chekuyeresa chinoitwa maererano nemusimboti uyu chine chimiro chakareruka, chiri nyore kushandisa, chine mwero wakanyanya kuenzana, chakachipa, uye chinogona kuyera madiki madiki, saka chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira.
Liquid column pressure gauges inogona kukamurwa kuita U-tube pressure gauges, single-tube pressure gauges, uye yakarerekera chubhu pressure gauges zvichienderana neayo akasiyana zvimiro.
- Elastic pressure gauge
Iyo elastic pressure gauge inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari nekuti ine zvinotevera zvakanaka, senge chimiro chakareruka. Yakasimba uye yakavimbika. Iyo ine hupamhi hwekuyera huwandu, nyore kushandisa, nyore kuverenga, yakaderera mumutengo, uye ine kukwana kwakakwana, uye zviri nyore kugadzira kutumira uye kure mirairo, otomatiki kurekodha, nezvimwe.
Iyo elastic pressure geji inogadzirwa nekushandisa akasiyana elastic zvinhu zvemaumbirwo akasiyana kugadzira elastic deformation pasi pekumanikidzwa kuyerwa. Mukati meiyo elastic muganho, iyo inobuda inotamiswa ye elastiki element iri mumutsara wehukama nekumanikidza kuyerwa. , Saka chiyero chayo chakafanana, zvimiro zve elastic zvakasiyana, kuyera kuyerwa kwakasiyana kwakasiyanawo, senge corrugated diaphragm uye mabhero zvinhu, zvinowanzo shandiswa mukudzikira uye kuderera kwekuyerwa kwekuyerwa, single coil spring tube (yakapfupikiswa sechitubu chubhu) uye yakawanda Iyo coil spring chubhu inoshandiswa kune yakakwirira, yepakati kumanikidza kana vacuum kuyerwa. Pakati pavo, iyo single-coil spring tube ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwekuyeresa kuyerwa, saka ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari.
- Pressure Transmitters
Parizvino, magetsi uye pneumatic pressure transmitters anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumiti yemakemikari. Iwo chiridzwa chinoramba chichiyera kuyerwa kudzvanywa uye kuchishandura kuita masaini akajairwa (air pressure uye current). Zvinogona kuendeswa kune marefu madaro, uye kumanikidza kunogona kuratidzwa, kurekodhwa kana kugadziriswa mukamuri yepakati yekudzora. Ivo vanogona kukamurwa kuita yakaderera kudzvanywa, yepakati kudzvanywa, yakanyanya kudzvanywa uye yakazara kudzvanywa zvichienderana nekuyeresa kwakasiyana.
Chikamu 3 Nhanganyaya Yekudzvanya Zvishandiso muMakemikari Plants
Muzvidyarwa zvemakemikari, Bourdon tube pressure gauges inowanzo shandiswa kumanikidza geji. Nekudaro, diaphragm, corrugated diaphragm uye spiral pressure gauges inoshandiswawo zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvebasa uye zvinhu zvinodiwa.
Iyo yezita dhayamita ye-on-saiti yekumanikidza geji ndeye 100mm, uye zvinhu isimbi isina tsvina. Iyo yakakodzera kune ese-mamiriro ekunze. Iyo yekumanikidza geji ine 1/2HNPT yakanaka koni yakabatana, yekuchengetedza girazi uye vent membrane, pane-saiti chiratidzo uye kutonga ndeyepneumatic. Kurongeka kwayo ndeye ± 0.5% yechiyero chakazara.
Electric pressure transmitter inoshandiswa kuremerwa chiratidzo. Iyo inoratidzirwa nehupamhi hwepamusoro, kuita kwakanaka, uye kuvimbika kwepamusoro. Kurongeka kwayo ndeye ± 0.25% yechiyero chakazara.
Iyo alarm kana interlock system inoshandisa kudzvanywa switch.
Chikamu 4 Kuisa, Kushandisa uye Kugadziriswa kwePressure Gauges
Kururama kwekuyerwa kwekumanikidza hakusi kungoenderana nekururama kwegeji yekumanikidza pachayo, asiwo kana yakaiswa zvine musoro, ingave yakarurama kana kwete, uye kuti inoshandiswa uye inochengetwa sei.
- Kuiswa kwe pressure gauge
Paunenge uchiisa gauge yekumanikidza, kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kune yakasarudzwa nzira yekumanikidza uye nzvimbo yakakodzera, iyo ine mhedzisiro yakananga pahupenyu hwayo hwebasa, kuyerwa kwechiyero uye kutonga kwemhando.
Izvo zvinodikanwa zvekuyeresa mapoinzi, mukuwedzera pakusarudza nemazvo nzvimbo yekuyeresa yekumanikidza pamidziyo yekugadzira, panguva yekumisikidza, iyo yemukati yekupedzisira peipi yekumanikidza inopinzwa mumidziyo yekugadzira inofanirwa kuchengetwa yakapfava nemadziro emukati ekubatanidza nzvimbo yekugadzira michina. Panofanira kunge pasina maprotrusions kana maburrs kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti static pressure inowanikwa nemazvo.
Iyo yekumisikidza nzvimbo iri nyore kuona, uye edza kudzivirira pesvedzero yevibration uye yakanyanya tembiricha.
Pakuyera kupisa kwemhepo, pombi ye condensate inofanira kuiswa kuti irege kutarisana zvakananga pakati pemhepo inopisa inopisa uye zvikamu, uye pombi inofanira kuiswa insulated panguva imwe chete. Kune corrosive media, matangi ekuzviparadzanisa akazadzwa ne neutral media anofanirwa kuiswa. Muchidimbu, zvinoenderana neakasiyana emhando yeyakayerwa svikiro (tembiricha yakakwira, yakaderera tembiricha, ngura, tsvina, crystallization, kunaya kwemvura, viscosity, nezvimwewo), tora inoenderana anti-corrosion, anti-chando, anti-blocking matanho. Ivhavha yekuvhara inofanirawo kuiswa pakati pechitsiko chekutora uye chigadziro chekumanikidza, kuitira kuti kana geji yemagetsi ichiwedzerwa, kuvhara kwevhavha kunofanira kuiswa pedyo nechiteshi chekutora.
Panyaya ye-on-saiti verification uye nguva dzose kutsvaira kwehuputi chubhu, kuvhara-vharavhavha kunogona kuva nzira nhatu.
Iyo yekumanikidza inotungamira catheter haifanirwe kunge yakareba kuti ideredze husimbe hwekumanikidza chiratidzo.
- Kushandisa uye kuchengetedzwa kweiyo pressure gauge
Mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari, ma geji ekumanikidza anowanzo kukanganiswa neyakayerwa svikiro senge corrosion, solidification, crystallization, viscosity, guruva, kukwira kwepamusoro, tembiricha yepamusoro, uye kuchinjika kwakapinza, izvo zvinowanzokonzera kukanganisa kwakasiyana kwegeji. Kuti uve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakajairwa kwechiridzwa, kuderedza kuitika kwekutadza, uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwebasa, zvinodikanwa kuita basa rakanaka rekuongorora kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa kwechinyakare kusati kwatanga kugadzirwa.
1. Kugadzirisa uye kuongororwa kusati kwatanga kugadzirwa:
Kusati kwatanga kugadzirwa, basa rekuyedza kumanikidza rinowanzoitwa pamidziyo yekushandisa, mapaipi, nezvimwe. Kudzvanywa kweyedzo kunowanzo kuita ka1.5 kudzvanywa kwekushanda. Ivhavha yakabatanidzwa kune chiridzwa inofanira kuvharwa panguva yekuedzwa kwekumanikidza. Vhura vharuvhu pane yekumanikidza kutora mudziyo uye tarisa kana paine chero kuvuza mumajoini uye welding. Kana chero kuvuza kunowanikwa, kunofanirwa kubviswa nenguva.
Mushure mokunge muedzo wekumanikidzika wapera. Usati wagadzirira kutanga kugadzira, tarisa kana iyo yakatarwa uye modhi yeiyo yakaiswa pressure gauge inopindirana nedzvinyiriro yepakati yakayerwa inodiwa nemaitiro; kana geji yakarongedzerwa ine chitupa, uye kana paine zvikanganiso, zvinofanirwa kugadziriswa nenguva. Iyo yemvura yekumanikidza geji inoda kuzadzwa nemvura inoshanda, uye zero point inofanirwa kugadziriswa. Iyo pressure geji yakashongedzerwa nemudziyo wekuparadzanisa inoda kuwedzera mvura inoparadzanisa.
2. Kuchengetedza uye kuongororwa kweyeji yekumanikidza paunenge uchityaira:
Munguva yekugadzirwa kwekutanga-up, kuyerwa kwekumanikidzwa kwemhepo inoputika, kuitira kuti udzivise kukuvadza kune gauge yekumanikidza nekuda kwekukurumidza kukanganiswa uye kudzvinyirira, valve inofanira kuvhurwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye mamiriro ekushanda anofanira kuonekwa.
Pamageji ekuyera kuyera mhepo kana mvura inopisa, condenser inofanira kuzadzwa nemvura inotonhora isati yavhura vharafu pane geji yekumanikidza. Kana kuputika kwechiridzwa kana pombi kunowanikwa, vheji iri pamudziyo wekumanikidza-kutora inofanira kugurwa nenguva, uye wozogadzirisa nayo.
3. Kugadziriswa kwezuva nezuva kwekumanikidza geji:
Chimbo chiri kushanda chinofanira kuongororwa nguva dzose zuva rega rega kuchengetedza mita yakachena uye kutarisa kuvimbika kwemamita. Kana dambudziko racho rawanikwa, ribvise nenguva.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-15-2021