Kuitisa: Tsanangudzo | Equations | Zviyero | Zvishandiso

Electrical conductivityinopfuura nokure pfungwa isingaoneki; ndiwo musimboti wepasirese yedu yakabatana, uchisimbisa zvese chinyararire kubva kumidziyo yemagetsi ichangoburwa iri muruoko rwako kusvika kumagetsi makuru ekugovera magetsi anovhenekera maguta edu.

Kune mainjiniya, mafizikisi, uye masayendisiti ezvekushandisa, kana chero munhu ari kutsvaga kunzwisisa mafambiro enyaya zvechokwadi, kugona conductivity hakugone kutaurirana. Iri gwara rakadzama haringope tsananguro chaiyo yekuitisa asi zvakare rinoburitsa kukosha kwaro kwakakosha, rinoongorora zvinhu zvinorifurira, uye rinoratidza mashandisirwo ayo ekucheka-kumucheto munzvimbo dzakasiyana semiconductors, sainzi yezvinhu, uye simba rinogoneka. Ingobaya kuti uongorore kuti kunzwisisa kwakakosha iyi pfuma kunogona sei kushandura ruzivo rwako rwenyika yemagetsi.

Zviri Mukati:

1. Chii chinonzi Conductivity

2. Factors Influencing Conductivity

3. Conductivity Units

4. Kuyera sei Kuitisa: Equations

5. Zvishandiso Zvinoshandiswa Kuyera Kuita

6. Applications of Conductivity

7. FAQs

Chii chinonzi Conductivity?

Electrical conductivity (σ) chinhu chakakosha chemuviri chinoyera kugona kwechinhu kutsigira kuyerera kwemagetsi.. Chaizvoizvo, inotarisa kuti nyore kuchaja vatakuri, kunyanya maerekitironi emahara mumasimbi, anogona kuyambuka chinhu. Ichi chakakosha hunhu ndiyo hwaro hwakasimba hwezvisingaverengeke zvekushandisa kubva kumicroprocessors kuenda kumasiparati emagetsi emagetsi.

Sechikamu chechipiri che conductivity, iyo yemagetsi resistivity (ρ) ndiko kupikisa kuyerera kwezvino. Naizvozvo,kushomeka kushoma kunoenderana zvakananga nepamusoro conductivity. Chiyero chepasi rose chechiyero ichi chinonzi Siemens pamamita (S/m), kunyange mamilisiemens pa centimita (mS/cm) inowanzoshandiswa mukuongorora kwemakemikari uye kwezvakatipoteredza.

Conductivity vs. Resistivity: Conductors vs. Insulators

Exceptional conductivity (σ) inosarudza zvinhu semakondukita, nepo ichidaidzwa kuti resistivity (ρ) inovapa ma insulators akakodzera. Nechisimbiso, musiyano wakakura mukufambiswa kwezvinhu unobva mukusiyana kwekuwanikwa kwevatakuri vechaji.

High Conductivity (Makondakita)

Simbi dzakaita semhangura uye aluminium inoratidza yakanyanyisa conductivity. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nechimiro chadzo cheatomu, icho chine 'gungwa' rakakura remaerekitironi evharensi anofambika zviri nyore asina kusungwa zvakasimba kumaatomu ega ega. Ichi chivakwa chinoita kuti ive yakakosha kune emagetsi wiring, magetsi ekufambisa mitsara, uye yakakwira-frequency circuit traces.

Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda mabatirwo emagetsi, inzwa wakasununguka kuverenga iyo positi yakanangana nekuburitsa magetsi conductivity yezvinhu zvese muhupenyu hwako.

Low Conductivity (Insulators)

Zvinhu zvakadai serabha, girazi, uye ceramics inozivikanwa se insulators. Vane mashoma kana asina maerekitironi emahara, achipikisa zvakanyanya mafambiro emagetsi. Hunhu uhwu hunovaita kuti vakoshe pakuchengetedza, kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, uye kudzivirira mapfupi maseketi mumasisitimu ese emagetsi.

Factors Influencing Conductivity

Electrical conductivity inzvimbo yehwaro hwezvinhu, asi zvinopesana neyakajairwa zvisirizvo, haisi yakagadziriswa nguva dzose. Iko kugona kwechinhu kuitisa magetsi emagetsi kunogona kuve kwakadzama uye kufembera kufurirwa nekunze kwemamiriro ekunze akasiyana uye chaiyo yekuumba engineering. Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi ndiyo nheyo yemazuva ano magetsi, sensing, uye simba tekinoroji:

1. Mabatiro Anoita Zvinhu Zvekunze Zvinopesvedzera Kuitisa

Mamiriro ezvinhu epakarepo anoita kudzora kwakakosha pamusoro pekufamba kwevatakuri vayo vanochaja (kazhinji maerekitironi kana maburi). Ngationgororei zvakadzama:

1. Thermal Effects: The Impact of Temperature

Tembiricha pamwe ndiyo inonyanya kuchinjisa yepasirese yemagetsi kuramba uye conductivity.

Kune ruzhinji rwesimbi dzakachena,conductivity inoderera sezvo tembiricha inokwira. Simba rinopisa rinoita kuti maatomu esimbi (crystal lattice) abvunde neamplitude yakakura, uye nokudaro, aya akawedzera kudengenyeka kwelattice (kana maphononi) anowedzera kuwanda kwezviitiko zvekuparadzira, zvichikanganisa kuyerera kwemagetsi evalence. Chiitiko ichi chinotsanangura kuti nei waya dzinopisa dzichitungamirira mukurasikirwa kwesimba.

Sezvineiwo, mune semiconductors uye insulators, conductivity inowedzera zvakanyanya nekukwira kwekushisa. Simba rinopisa rinowedzera rinofadza maerekitironi kubva mubhendi revalence richiyambuka geji rebhendi uye kupinda mubhendi rekufambisa, nokudaro zvichiita kuti pave nenhamba huru yevatakuri vechaji yenhare uye zvichideredza zvakanyanya kusimba.

2. Mechanical Stress: Basa reDzvinyiriro uye Matambudziko

Kushandisa mechanical pressure kunogona kushandura nzvimbo yeatomu uye chimiro chekristaro chechinhu, icho chinozopesvedzera conductivity, uye ichi chiitiko chakakosha mumapiezoresistive sensors.

Mune zvimwe zvinhu, compressive pressure inomanikidza maatomu kuswedera pamwe chete, kuwedzera kupindirana kwemaelectron orbitals uye kuita kuti kufamba kwezvitakuri zvechaja kuve nyore, nekudaro zvichiwedzera conductivity.

Mumidziyo yakaita sesilicon, kutambanudza (tensile strain) kana kudzvanya (compressive strain) inogona kurongazve mabhendi emagetsi erekitironi, kushandura huremu hunoshanda uye kufamba kwevatakuri vanochaja. Iyi chaiyo mhedzisiro inokwidziridzwa mumajeji ekutemesa uye kudzvanya transducers.

2. Sei Kusachena Kunopesvedzera Kuitisa

Munzvimbo yeiyo solid-state fizikisi uye microelectronics, yekupedzisira kutonga pamusoro pemagetsi zvivakwa kunowanikwa kuburikidza nekugadzira engineering, kunyanya kuburikidza nedoping.

Doping ndiyo inodzorwa zvakanyanya yekusuma uwandu hwemaatomu ekusachena chaiwo (anowanzo kuyerwa muzvikamu pamiriyoni) muchinhu chakacheneswa zvakanyanya, chemukati, sesilicon kana germanium.

Iyi nzira haingoshanduri conductivity; inogadzirisa mhando yemhando yekutakura uye kutarisisa kuti igadzire zvinofungidzirwa, asymmetrical magetsi maitiro anodiwa pakombuta:

N-Type Doping (Negative)

Kusuma chimwe chinhu chine maerekitironi akawanda evalence (semuenzaniso, Phosphorus kana Arsenic, ine 5) pane iyo inotakura zvinhu (semuenzaniso, Silicon, ine 4). Erekitironi rekuwedzera rinopihwa zviri nyore kune conduction bhendi, zvichiita kuti erekitironi ive yekutanga kuchaja inotakura.

P-Type Doping (Yakanaka)

Kusuma chinhu chine maerekitironi mashoma evalence (semuenzaniso, Boron kana Gallium, ane 3). Izvi zvinogadzira nzvimbo yemagetsi, kana 'gomba,' iyo inoshanda semutakuri wechaji yakanaka.

Iko kugona kunyatso kudzora conductivity kuburikidza ne doping ndiyo injini yezera redhijitari:

Kune semiconductor zvishandiso, inoshandiswa kugadzirap-nmajunctions, nzvimbo dzinoshanda dzema diode uye transistors, ayo anobvumira kuyerera ikozvino munzira imwe chete uye inoshanda seyakakosha switching zvinhu muIntegrated Circuits (ICs).

Pamidziyo ye thermoelectric, conductivity control yakakosha pakuenzanisa kudiwa kweiyo yakanaka conduction yemagetsi (yekufambisa charge) kubva kune yakashata yekupisa conduction (kuchengetedza tembiricha gradient) mumidziyo inoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi uye kutonhora.

Kubva pakuona kwekunzwa kwepamusoro, zvinhu zvinogona kudhonzwa kana kugadziridzwa kemikari kugadzira chemiresistors, ine mafambiro anochinja zvakanyanya pakusunga kune chaiwo magasi kana mamorekuru, achigadzira hwaro hwema sensors emakemikari akanyanya.

Kunzwisisa uye kunyatso kudzora conductivity kunoramba kwakakosha pakugadzira chizvarwa chinotevera matekinoroji, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakakwana, uye nekuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka munharaunda yese yesainzi neinjiniya.

Conductivity Units

Iyo yakajairwa SI unit ye ​​conductivity ndeye Siemens pamamita (S/m). Nekudaro, mune akawanda maindasitiri uye marabhoritari marongero, Siemens pacentimita (S/cm) ndiyo yakajairika base unit. Nekuti maitiro ekuitisa anogona kupfuudza akawanda maodha ehukuru, zviyero zvinowanzo ratidzwa uchishandisa prefixes:

1. microSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) inoshandiswa kune yakaderera-conductivity zvinwiwa se deionized kana reverse osmosis (RO) mvura.

2. milliSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) inowanikwa papombi yemvura, kugadzira mvura, kana brackish solutions.(1 mS/cm = 1,000 μS/cm).

3. deciSiemens pamamita (dS/m) inowanzoshandiswa mukurima uye yakaenzana nemS/cm (1 dS/m = 1 mS/cm).

Nzira yekuyera sei Kuitisa: Equations

Aconductivity mitahaiyera conductivity zvakananga. Panzvimbo iyoyo, inoyera maitiro (muSiemens) uye yobva yaverengera conductivity ichishandisa sensor-specific Cell Constant (K). Izvi zvinogara (zvine zvikamu zvecm^-1) chinhu chemuviri cheiyo sensor's geometry. Icho chiridzwa chikuru chekuverenga ndechekuti:

Conductivity (S/cm) = Measured Conductance (S) × Cell Constant (K, in cm⁻¹)

Nzira inoshandiswa kuwana kuyerwa uku kunoenderana nekushandiswa. Nzira yakajairika inosanganisira kubata (Potentiometric) masensa, ayo anoshandisa maelectrodes (kazhinji graphite kana simbi isina tsvina) ari kutarisana zvakananga nemvura. Yakareruka 2-electrode dhizaini inoshanda kune yakaderera-conductivity application semvura yakachena. Zvimwe zvemberi 4-electrodesensorsprovidekurongeka kwepamusoro padanho rakatambanudzwa uye haanyanyi kukanganiswa nezvikanganiso kubva pakati nepakati electrode fouling.

Kune hasha, corrosive, kana yakanyanya conductive mhinduro uko maelectrode anosvibisa kana kuodza, inductive (Toroidal) masensa anopinda. Aya asingabatanidzi masensa anoratidza maviri waya-maronda coils akavharidzirwa mune yakasimba polymer. Imwe coil inopinza magetsi ezvino loop mumhinduro, uye yechipiri coil inoyera ukuru hweiyi ikozvino, iyo yakanyatsoenderana neiyo mvura conductivity. Iyi dhizaini yakasimba zvakanyanya sezvo pasina simbi zvikamu zvinoratidzwa maitiro.

Zviyero zveConductivity uye Tembiricha

Conductivity zviyero zvinoenderana zvakanyanya netembiricha. Sezvo tembiricha yemvura ichiwedzera, maion ayo anowedzera kufamba, zvichiita kuti yakayerwa conductivity ikwire (kazhinji ne ~ 2% pa°C). Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti zviyero zvakaringana uye zvakaenzana, zvinofanirwa kuve zvakajairwa kune yakajairwa tembiricha yereferensi, iyo inowanikwa pasi rose.25°C.

Mazuva ano conductivity metres anoita kururamisa uku otomatiki uchishandisa anintegratedtembirichasensor. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa seAutomatic Temperature Compensation (ATC), inoshandisa algorithm yekururamisa (senge mutsara formula.G 25 = G_t/[1+α(T-25)]) kuzivisa conductivity sekunge yakayerwa pa25°C.

Kupi:

G₂₅= Yakagadziriswa Conductivity pa25 ° C;

G_t= Raw conductivity kuyerwa patembiricha tembirichaT;

T= The kuyerwa muitiro tembiricha (mu °C);

α (alpha)= Chiyero chekushisa chekugadzirisa (semuenzaniso, 0.0191 kana 1.91% / ° C yeNaCl solutions).

Mera Conductivity neOhm's Law

Mutemo weOhm, ibwe repakona resainzi yemagetsi, rinopa humbowo hunoshanda hwekuverengera mabatirwo emagetsi echinhu (σ). Iyi nheyoinosimbisa kuwirirana kwakananga pakati pemagetsi (V), ikozvino (I), uye kuramba (R). Nekuwedzera mutemo uyu kuti ubatanidze yemuviri geometry, mukati mawo maitiro anogona kuwanikwa.

Danho rekutanga nderekushandisa Ohm's Law (R = V/I) kune yakananga zvinhu sampuli. Izvi zvinoda kutora zviyero zviviri chaizvo: iyo voltage inoshandiswa pamuenzaniso uye ikozvino inoyerera kuburikidza nayo semugumisiro. Chiyero chezviviri izvi zvakakosha zvinopa sampuro yakazara yemagetsi kuramba. Uku kuverengerwa kuramba, zvisinei, kwakanangana nehukuru hwesample uye chimiro. Kuti ugadzirise kukosha uku uye uone mabatiro echinyorwa, munhu anofanirwa kuzvidavirira hukuru hwayo hwemuviri.

Izvo zviviri zvakakosha zvejometri zvinhu urefu hwesample (L) uye nzvimbo yayo yepakati-chikamu (A). Zvinhu izvi zvakabatanidzwa muchimiro chimwe chete: σ = L / (R^A).

Equation iyi inoturikira zvinoyerika, extrinsic pfuma yekupikisa kuita yakakosha, yemukati pfuma ye conductivity. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kurongeka kwekupedzisira kwekuverenga kunoenderana zvakananga nemhando yedata rekutanga. Chero zvikanganiso zvekuedza pakuyera V, I, L, kana A zvinokanganisa kutendeseka kwekombuta conductivity.

Zvishandiso Zvinoshandiswa Kuyera Kuita

Mumaindasitiri maitiro ekudzora, kurapwa kwemvura, uye kugadzirwa kwemakemikari, magetsi conductivity haisi kungoyerwa chete; chinhu chakakosha chekudzora parameter. Kuwana chaiyo, inodzokororwa data haibvi kune imwechete, chinangwa-chese chishandiso. Pane kudaro, zvinoda kuvaka yakakwana, inofananidzwa sisitimu apo chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinosarudzirwa rimwe basa.

A robust conductivity system ine zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha: controller (uropi) uye sensor (manzwi), ese ari maviri anofanirwa kutsigirwa nekuenzanisa kwakaringana uye muripo.

1. The Core: The Conductivity Controller

Iyo yepakati hub yehurongwa ndeyetheonlineconductivity controller, iyo inoita zvinopfuura kungoratidza kukosha. Uyu mutongi anoita se "uropi," achisimbisa sensor, kugadzirisa iyo yakaomeswa siginecha, uye kuita iyo data inobatsira. Mabasa ayo akakosha anosanganisira zvinotevera:

① Otomatiki Temperature Compensation (ATC)

Conductivity inonyanya kunzwa kune tembiricha. Mutariri weindasitiri, sengeSUP-TDS210-Bkana kutiyakakwirira-chaiyoSUP-EC8.0, inoshandisa tembiricha yakabatanidzwa kugadzirisa otomatiki kuverenga kwese kudzokera ku25°C mwero. Izvi zvakakosha pakururama.

② Zvinobuda uye maAramu

Aya mayunitsi anoshandura kuyerwa kuita 4-20mA siginecha yePLC, kana kukonzeresa kutenderera kwemaalarm uye dosing pombi kutonga.

③ Calibration Interface

Iyo controller inogadziriswa ine software interface kuti iite yakajairwa, yakapusa calibrations.

2. Kusarudza Right Sensor

Chikamu chinonyanya kukosha isarudzo yaunoita maererano ne sensor (kana probe), sezvo tekinoroji yayo inofanirwa kuenderana nemidziyo yemvura yako. Kushandisa iyo isiriyo sensor ndiyo nhamba yekutanga chikonzero chekuyera kutadza.

Yemvura Yakachena & RO Systems (Yakaderera Conductivity)

Zvekushandisa senge reverse osmosis, deionized mvura, kana boiler feed water, iyo mvura ine mashoma maion. Pano, maviri-electrode conductivity sensor (setheSUP-TDS7001) ndiyo sarudzo yakanakatochiyeroconductivity yemvura. Dhizaini yaro inopa kunzwisiswa kwakanyanya uye kurongeka kune aya akaderera conductivity mazinga.

Yechinangwa Chese & Mvura Yakasviba (Mid-to-High Conductivity)

Mumhinduro dzakasviba, dzine zvimedu zvakamiswa kana kuve nechiyero chakakura chekuyera (semvura yetsvina, mvura yemupombi, kana kuongorora kwezvakatipoteredza), ma sensors anowanzo kusvibisa. Muchiitiko chakadaro, ina-electrode conductivity sensor yakafananatheSUP-TDS7002 ndiyo mhinduro yepamusoro. Iyi dhizaini haina kukanganiswa nekuvakwa pamagetsi emagetsi, ichipa yakawanda yakafara, yakagadzikana, uye yakavimbika kuverenga mumamiriro akasiyana.

YeHarsh Chemicals & Slurries (Aggressive & High Conductivity)

Pakuyera midhiya yehasha, senge maasidhi, mabhesi, kana abrasive slurries, echinyakare simbi maelectrodes anokora nekutadza nekukurumidza. Mhinduro ndeye isiri-inobata inductive (toroidal) conductivity sensor sengetheSUP-TDS6012mirai mumutsetse. Iyi sensor inoshandisa maviri akavharirwa coils kukwezva uye kuyera ikozvino mumvura isina chero chikamu che sensor ichiibata. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive isingadzivirirwe mukuora, kusvibiswa, uye kupfeka.

3. Maitiro: Kuve nechokwadi cheKururamisa Kwenguva Yakareba

Kuvimbika kweiyo sisitimu inochengetwa kuburikidza nenzira imwechete yakakosha: calibration. A controller uye sensor, zvisinei kuti yakakwira zvakadii, inofanirwa kutariswa pane aanozivikanwareferencemhinduro(a conductivity standard) kuve nechokwadi chechokwadi. Iyi nzira inotsiva chero diki sensor kukukurwa kana kutadza nekufamba kwenguva. A good controller, sengetheSUP-TDS210-C, inoita iyi nzira iri nyore, inofambiswa nemenyu.

Kuwana chaiyo conductivity kuyerwa inyaya ye smart system dhizaini. Zvinoda kuenzanisa mutongi ane hungwaru ane sensor tekinoroji yakavakirwa kune yako chaiyo application.

Ndechipi chinhu chakanakisa chekuitisa magetsi?

Iyo yakanakisa zvinhu zvekuitisa magetsi isirivha yakachena (Ag), ichizvikudza yepamusoro yemagetsi conductivity yechero chinhu. Nekudaro, mutengo wayo wakakwira uye tsika yekusvibisa (oxidize) inodzikamisa kushandiswa kwayo kwakapararira. Pamashandisirwo mazhinji anoshanda, mhangura (Cu) ndiyo chiyero, sezvo ichipa yechipiri-yakanakisa conductivity pamutengo wakaderera zvakanyanya uye ine ductile yakanyanya, ichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kune waya, mota, uye matransformer.

Sezvineiwo, goridhe (Au), kunyangwe isingaite zvishoma pane zvese sirivheri nemhangura, yakakosha mumagetsi kune inonzwisisika, yakaderera-voltage mabati nekuti ine yepamusoro corrosion resistance (kemikari inertness), inodzivirira kushatiswa kwechiratidzo nekufamba kwenguva.

Pakupedzisira, aruminiyamu (Al) inoshandiswa kureba, high-voltage transmission lines nokuti huremu hwayo hwakareruka uye mutengo wakaderera inopa mabhenefiti akakosha, kunyangwe yakaderera conductivity nehuwandu kana ichienzaniswa nemhangura.

Applications of Conductivity

Sekugona kwechinhu chemukati kufambisa magetsi ikozvino, magetsi conductivity chinhu chakakosha chinotyaira tekinoroji. Chishandiso chayo chinotambanudzira zvese kubva kuhukuru-hukuru masimba emagetsi kusvika kune micro-scale zvemagetsi uye kutarisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Pazasi pane makiyi ekushandisa apo ichi chivakwa chakakosha:

Simba, Electronics, uye Manufacturing

High conductivity ndiyo dombo renyika yedu yemagetsi, nepo inodzorwa conductivity yakakosha kune maindasitiri maitiro.

Power Transmission uye Wiring

High-conductivity zvinhu zvakaita semhangura nealuminium ndiwo chiyero chetambo dzemagetsi uye tambo dzemagetsi kureba. Kuramba kwavo kwakaderera kunoderedza I²R (Joule) kupisa kurasikirwa, kuve nechokwadi chekufambisa kwesimba.

Electronics uye Semiconductors

Pane diki nhanho, conductive traces paPrinted Circuit Boards (PCBs) uye zvibatanidza zvinoumba nzira dzezviratidzo. Mune semiconductors, iyo conductivity yesilicon inonyatso shandiswa (doped) kugadzira transistors, hwaro hwemazuva ano ese akabatanidzwa maseketi.

Electrochemistry

Iyi ndima inotsamira pane ionic conductivity ye electrolytes. Iyi nheyo ndiyo injini yemabhatiri, masero emafuta, uye maindasitiri maitiro akaita se electroplating, kunatsa simbi, uye kugadzirwa kweklorini.

Composite Materials

Conductive fillers (senge kabhoni kana simbi fiber) inowedzerwa kune mapolymers kugadzira macomposites ane chaiwo emagetsi zvinhu. Aya anoshandiswa kune electromagnetic shielding (EMI) kuchengetedza masevhisi emidziyo uye ye electrostatic discharge (ESD) kudzivirira mukugadzira.

Monitoring, Measurement, uye Diagnostics

Kuyerwa kwe conductivity kwakakosha sepfuma pachayo, kushanda sechinhu chine simba chekuongorora.

Hunhu hweMvura uye Kutariswa Kwezvakatipoteredza

Conductivity kuyerwa ndiyo nzira yekutanga yekuongorora kuchena kwemvura uye munyu. Kubva pakanyungudika ionic solids (TDS) kuwedzera zvakananga conductivity, masensa anoshandiswa kutarisa mvura yekunwa,manejatsvinakurapwa, uye kuongorora hutano hwevhu mune zvekurima.

Medical Diagnostics

Muviri wemunhu unoshanda pazviratidzo zvebioelectrical. Tekinoroji dzekurapa dzakaita seElectrocardiography (ECG) neElectroencephalography (EEG) dzinoshanda nekuyera maminiti emagetsi emagetsi anoitiswa neiyoni mumuviri, zvichibvumira kuongororwa kwemoyo uye neurological mamiriro.

Process Control Sensors

Mumakemikariuyechikafukugadzira, conductivity sensors inoshandiswa kutarisa maitiro munguva chaiyo-nguva. Vanokwanisa kuona shanduko mukusunga, kuona machinjiro pakati pezvinwiwa zvakasiyana (semuenzaniso, mumasisitimu akachena-munzvimbo), kana kunyevera nezvetsvina uye kusvibiswa.

FAQs

Q1: Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pekuita uye resistivity?

A: Conductivity (σ) kugona kwechinhu kubvumidza magetsi emagetsi, akayerwa muSiemens pamamita (S/m). Resistivity (ρ) iko kugona kwayo kupikisa ikozvino, kuyerwa muOhm-mamita (Ω⋅m). Iwo akananga masvomhu anodzokororwa (σ=1/ρ).

Q2: Sei simbi dzine yakakwirira conductivity?

A: Metals kushandisa esimbi bonding, apo valence maerekitironi haana kusungwa chero atomu. Izvi zvinogadzira delocalized "gungwa remaerekitironi" rinofamba zvakasununguka kuburikidza nezvinhu, nyore kugadzira ikozvino kana magetsi aiswa.

Q3: Ko conductivity inogona kuchinjwa here?

A: Ehe, conductivity inobata zvakanyanya kune ekunze mamiriro. Zvinhu zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvekushisa (kukwira kwetembiricha kunoderedza conductivity musimbi asi kuchiwedzera mumvura) uye kuvapo kwetsvina (iyo inovhiringa kuyerera kwerekitironi mumasimbi kana kuwedzera ayoni kumvura).

Q4: Chii chinogadzira zvinhu zvakaita serabha negirazi zvakanaka insulators?

A: Zvishandiso izvi zvine covalent yakasimba kana ionic zvisungo apo ese maerekitironi evalence akabatwa zvakasimba. Pasina maerekitironi emahara ekufamba, haakwanise kutsigira magetsi. Izvi zvinozivikanwa sekuve ne "energy band gap" yakakura kwazvo.

Q5: Ko conductivity inoyerwa sei mumvura?

A: Meta inoyera ionic conductivity kubva mumunyu wakanyunguduka. Probe yayo inoshandisa AC voltage kumvura, zvichiita kuti maion akanyunguduka (seNa+ kana Cl-) afambe uye agadzire ikozvino. Meta inoyera iyi yazvino, inogadzirisa tembiricha, uye inoshandisa sensor "sero risingachinji" kushuma kukosha kwekupedzisira (kazhinji mu μS/cm).