Ko Tembiricha Inobata Magetsi uye Thermal Conductivity?

Zvemagetsiconductivityanomira sabasic parametermufizikisi, chemistry, uye engineering yemazuva ano, inobata zvakakosha mukati mechikamu cheminda,kubva pakugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro kusvika kune ultra-precise microelectronics. Kukosha kwaro kwakakosha kunobva mukuwirirana kwayo kwakananga nekuita, kugona, uye kuvimbika kweasingaverengeke emagetsi uye ekupisa masisitimu.

Uku kutsanangurwa kwakadzama kunoshanda segwara rakazara rekunzwisisa hukama hwakaoma pakatimagetsi conductivity (σ), thermal conductivity(k), uye tembiricha (T). Uyezve, isu tichaongorora zvine hungwaru maitiro ekuitisa emakirasi akasiyana ezvinhu, kubva kune akajairwa makondakita kusvika kune akasarudzika semiconductors uye insulators, senge sirivheri, goridhe, mhangura, simbi, zvigadziriso, uye rabha, izvo zvinovhara mukaha pakati peruzivo rwe theoretical uye chaiyo-yepasirese maindasitiri mashandisirwo.

Kana wapedza kuverenga uku, iwe uchave wakashongedzerwa nekunzwisisa kwakasimba, nuancedyethehukama hwekushisa, conductivity, uye kupisa.

Zviri Mukati:

1. Ko tembiricha inokanganisa conductivity yemagetsi?

2. Ko tembiricha inokanganisa thermal conductivity?

3. Hukama huri pakati pemagetsi uye kupisa conductivity

4. Conductivity vs chloride: misiyano yakakosha

I. Ko tembiricha inokanganisa conductivity yemagetsi?

Mubvunzo, "Ko tembiricha inokanganisa conductivity?" inopindurwa zvakajeka: Hongu.Tembiricha inopa yakakosha, inotsamira pazvinhu pane zvese zvemagetsi uye zvinopisa conductivity.Mumashandisirwo akakosha einjiniya kubva pakufambiswa kwemagetsi kuenda kune sensor kushanda, tembiricha uye hukama hwekuita hunoraira kuita kwechikamu, miganho inoshanda, uye kuchengetedza kwekushanda.

Ko tembiricha inokanganisa sei conductivity?

Tembiricha inochinja conductivity nekuchinjazviri nyore seizvitakuri zvechaji, semaerekitironi kana maion, kana kupisa kunofamba nemuchinhu. Mhedzisiro yacho yakasiyana kune imwe neimwe mhando yezvinhu. Heino chaizvo mashandiro ayo, sezvinotsanangurwa zvakajeka:

1.Metals: conductivity inoderera nekukwira kwekushisa

Masimbi ese anoita kuburikidza nemahara maerekitironi anoyerera zviri nyore pakudziya kwakajairika. Kana yapiswa, maatomu esimbi anodedera zvakanyanya. Aya mavibrations anoita sezvipingamupinyi, kuparadzira maerekitironi uye kunonotsa kuyerera kwawo.

Kunyanya, magetsi uye thermal conductivity inodonha zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo tembiricha inokwira. Pedyo nekamuri tembiricha, conductivity inodonha~ 0.4% pa1 ° C inokwira.Mukupesana ne,apo kuwedzera kwe80 ° C kunoitika,simbi dzinorasika25–30%yepakutanga conductivity yavo.

Iyi nheyo inoiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira maindasitiri, semuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzinopisa dzinoderedza yakachengeteka ikozvino kugona mu wiring uye kudzikisira kupisa kwekupisa mumasisitimu ekutonhodza.

2. MuSemiconductors: conductivity inowedzera nekushisa

Semiconductors anotanga nemaerekitironi akasungwa zvakasimba muchimiro chechinhu. Pakutonhora kwakadzika, vashoma vanogona kufamba kuti vatakure ikozvino.Sezvo tembiricha inokwira, kupisa kunopa maerekitironi simba rakakwana kuti risununguke uye riyerere. Kudziyirwa kwazvinoita, ndipo panobva pawedzera macharge carriers,kunowedzera conductivity.

Mune mamwe mazwi anonzwisisika, iyo conductivity inokwira zvakanyanya, kazhinji ichipeta kaviri yega yega 10-15 ° C mumatanho akajairwa.Izvi zvinobatsira kuita mukudziya kuri pakati nepakati asi zvinogona kukonzera nyaya kana kuchipisa zvakanyanya (kudonha kwakawandisa), semuenzaniso, komputa inogona kuparara kana chip chakavakwa ne semiconductor ichidziya kusvika pakupisa kwakanyanya.

3. MuElectrolytes (Liquids kana Gels muBattery): conductivity inovandudza nekupisa

Vamwe vanhu vanoshamisika kuti tembiricha inobata sei mhinduro yemagetsi conductivity, uye heino chikamu ichi. Electrolytes anoita maion achifamba nemumushonga, ukuwo kutonhora kunoita kuti zvinwiwa zvikobvu uye zviite husimbe, zvichikonzera kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma kwemaion. Pamwe chete nekukwira kwetembiricha, mvura inova shoma, saka maion anopararira nekukasira uye anotakura kuchaji zvakanaka.

Zvese mune zvese, conductivity inowedzera ne2-3% pa1 ° C nepo zvese zvichiwana magumo. Kana kutonhora kuchikwira neanopfuura 40 ° C, conductivity inodonha ne ~ 30%.

Unogona kuwana musimboti uyu munyika chaimo, senge masisitimu akaita semabhatiri anochaja nekukurumidza mukudziya, asi kukuvara kwenjodzi kana akapisa.

II. Ko tembiricha inokanganisa thermal conductivity?

Thermal conductivity, chiyero chekuti kupisa kunofamba zviri nyore sei kuburikidza nechinhu, kazhinji kunodzikira sezvo tembiricha inokwira muzvakaoma zvakawanda, kunyangwe hunhu huchisiyana zvichienderana nechimiro chechinhu uye matakurirwo anoita kupisa.

Musimbi, kupisa kunoyerera zvakanyanya kuburikidza nemahara maerekitironi. Sezvo tembiricha inowedzera, maatomu anozunguzika zvakanyanya, achiparadzira maerekitironi aya uye kukanganisa nzira yawo, izvo zvinoderedza kugona kwechinhu kufambisa kupisa zvakanaka.

Mune crystalline insulators, kupisa kunofamba kuburikidza neatomu vibrations inozivikanwa semaphononi. Tembiricha yepamusoro inoita kuti kuzunguzika uku kuwedzere, zvichikonzera kudhumhana kwakawanda pakati pemaatomu uye kudonha kwakajeka kwekupisa kwekupisa.

Mumagasi, zvisinei, zvakasiyana zvinoitika. Sezvo tembiricha inokwira, mamorekuru anofamba nekukurumidza uye anodhumhana kakawanda, achiendesa simba pakati pekudhumhana zvakanyanya zvinobudirira; saka, thermal conductivity inowedzera.

Mune mapolymers uye zvinwiwa, kuvandudzwa kudiki kwakajairika nekukwira kwekushisa. Mamiriro ekudziya anobvumira cheni dzemamorekuru kufamba zvakasununguka uye kuderedza viscosity, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti kupisa kupfuure nepakati.

III. Hukama pakati pemagetsi uye kupisa conductivity

Pane kuwirirana here pakati pekupisa kwekupisa uye kufambiswa kwemagetsi? Unogona kushamisika nemubvunzo uyu. Chaizvoizvo, pane hukama hwakasimba pakati pemagetsi neanopisa conductivity, asi kubatana uku kunongonzwisisika kune mamwe marudzi ezvigadzirwa, sesimbi.

1. Hukama hwakasimba pakati pemagetsi uye kupisa conductivity

Kune simbi dzakachena (semhangura, sirivha, negoridhe), mutemo wakapfava unoshanda:Kana chinhu chakanyanya kunaka pakuitisa magetsi, zvakare chakanakisa pakuitisa kupisa.Iyi nheyo inoenderera mberi yakavakirwa pane elektroni-kugovana chiitiko.

Musimbi, zvose magetsi uye kupisa zvinonyanya kutakurwa nezvikamu zvakafanana: maerekitironi emahara. Ichi ndicho chikonzero high magetsi conductivity inotungamira kune yakakwira yekupisa conductivity mune zvimwe zviitiko.

Forthezvemagetsikuyerera,kana magetsi aiswa, maerekitironi aya emahara anofamba achienda kune rimwe divi, achitakura chaji yemagetsi.

Kana zvasvikathekupisakuyerera, imwe mugumo wesimbi inopisa uye imwe inotonhora, uye maerekitironi mamwe chete aya akasununguka anofamba nokukurumidza munzvimbo inopisa uye anorovera mumaerekitironi anononoka, nokukurumidza achiendesa simba (kupisa) kunzvimbo inotonhora.

Iyi yakagovaniswa nzira inoreva kuti kana simbi ine mijenya yakawanda kwazvo mobile maerekitironi (kuiita yakanakisa magetsi conductor), maerekitironi iwayo anoshandawo se "anotakura kupisa" anoshanda, ayo anotsanangurwa zviri pamutemo netheWiedemann-FranzMutemo.

2. Hukama husina simba pakati pemagetsi uye kupisa conductivity

Hukama pakati pemagetsi neanopisa conductivity inodzikira mumidziyo iyo kuchaja uye kupisa kunotakurwa nenzira dzakasiyana.

IV. Conductivity vs chloride: misiyano mikuru

Nepo ese emagetsi conductivity uye chloride concentration akakosha paramita mukatikuongororwa kwehutano hwemvura, vanoyera zvinhu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana.

Conductivity

Conductivity chiyero chekugona kwemugadziriso kutumira magetsi. It anoyerahuwandu hwakazara hweese maion akanyungudikamumvura, iyo inosanganisira ions inopomerwa zvakanaka (cations) uye ions yakashata (anions).

Ioni dzese, senge chloride (Cl^-), sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), bicarbonate, uye sulfate, inobatsira kune yakazara conductivity myakayerwa mu microSiemens per centimeter (µS/cm) kana milliSiemens per centimita (mS/cm).

Conductivity chiratidzo chinokurumidza, chakajairikayeTotalDissolved Solids(TDS) uye kuchena kwemvura kwese kana munyu.

 Chloride Concentration (Cl^-)

Chloride concentration ndiyo chaiyo kuyerwa kwekloride anion iripo mumhinduro.Inoyera iyokuwanda kweiyo chloride ions chete(Cl^-) iripo, inowanzobva mumunyu sesodium chloride (NaCl) kana calcium chloride (CaCl)₂).

Kuyera uku kunoitwa pachishandiswa nzira dzakatarwa senge titration (semuenzaniso, nzira yeArgentometric) kana maion-selective electrodes (ISEs)mumamirigiramu parita (mg/L) kana zvikamu pamiriyoni (ppm).

Chloride mazinga akakosha pakuongorora kugona kwekuora mumaindasitiri masisitimu (senge boilers kana shongwe dzekutonhodza) uye yekutarisa kupinda kwemunyu mumvura yekunwa.

Muchidimbu, chloride inobatsira pakuita conductivity, asi conductivity haisi yakananga kune chloride.Kana iyo chloride concentration ichiwedzera, iyo yakazara conductivity ichawedzera.Nekudaro, kana iyo yakazara conductivity ichiwedzera, inogona kunge iri nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekloridi, sulfate, sodium, kana chero musanganiswa wemamwe maion.

Naizvozvo, conductivity inoshanda sechinhu chinobatsira chekuongorora (semuenzaniso, kana conductivity yakaderera, chloride ingangove yakadzikira), asi kuti utarise chloride zvakanangana nekuora kana kudzora zvinangwa, yakanangwa kemikari bvunzo inofanirwa kushandiswa.